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Overcrowded prisons in England and disruption caused by the American Revolution were  two key reasons for the first shipment of convicts to the great southern land. It was the  explorer and botanist Joseph Banks who, in 1779, suggested that New South Wales  would  be a fine site for a penal colony!
 
 Aboriginal history
 
 For more than 50,000 thousand years, Australia's Aboriginal people have lived and thrived  in  Australia's unique  and challenging natural  environment.  Australia's rich vegetation and native  wildlife helped them establish their  presence on  the land. Today it is believed  the Aboriginals are  the world's  oldest civilisation.
 
 Discovery
 
 'Terra Australis' was the last landmass to be discovered by European explorers. Talk of this mystical land and the  riches it held inspired  explorers to sail  into the unknown. It wasn't until Captain James Cook arrived in Botany Bay in  1770 that the  great  southern land was  officially claimed by Europeans.
 
 States and Territories
 
 Australia is made up of six states and two territories. Each state and territory has its own parliament, flag and floral emblem.  Australia became  a federated nation after the union of the six colonies on 1 January 1901. Bound by one parliament, one  constitution and one flag, Australia  celebrated its Centenary of Federation in 2001.
 
 Defence
 
 Australia's defence force has a long and proud tradition dating back to the original ANZACS (Australian and New  Zealand Army Corps).  Australian soldiers have fought in both World Wars and numerous allied conflicts. All Australian  troops are  remembered  each year on Anzac  Day, 25 April, the  anniversary of the first landing of Australian 'Diggers' at  Gallipoli during the  First World War.
 
 Sydney Opera House
 
 A short walk from the Harbour Bridge, the Opera House is one of the world's premier performing arts centres. Taking  almost 15 years to build,  it was  officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II in 1973.
 
 The Blue Mountains
 
 Dramatic canyons, sheer valleys, thundering waterfalls and gum forests all make up Australia's most recent World  Heritage  area - the Blue  Mountains  National Park. Also part of this latest listing is nearby Wollemi National Park - the  home of the prehistoric Wollemi Pine.
 
 The 12 Apostles
 
 Located along the spectacular Great Ocean Road in Victoria, the 12 Apostles stand as sentinels against a dramatic backdrop of  sheer cliff face and wild ocean. Formed over thousands of years by the action of the sea, only eight of the original 12 Apostles 
 remain.
 
 The Great Barrier Reef
 
 Australia's most famous natural wonder, the Great Barrier Reef, will stun you with its magnificence. It's as big as the total combined  area of the  United  Kingdom and Ireland, and contains more than 1,000 islands, from sandy cays to rainforest isles. The beauty of  the waters and  the prolific life it supports  enraptures visitors. You can reach coral sites by air and water taxi and scuba dive or  snorkel for intimate reef views.  Or choose comfortable  accommodation  on some secluded reef islands.
 
 Fraser Island
 
 Stretching 120 kilometres long and 10 kilometres wide, World Heritage listed Fraser Island offers vast white beaches, beautiful
 headlands and rainforests, and the best camping ever. You can mingle with kangaroos, wallabies and other unique animals, or stay in  style at a resort!
 
 Daintree Rainforest
 
 Reef and rainforest touch in this region of World Heritage protected beauty. The Daintree River winds gently through tangled  woodland through  jungle  homes of unique birds, pythons and crocodiles, north to Cape Tribulation, a spectacular national park.
 
 Uluru
 
 Located in the centre of Australia, Uluru (Ayers Rock) is the world's biggest monolith. It's 3.6 kilometres long, 2 kilometres  wide and has a 9.4  kilometre circumference. Made of arkosic sandstone, Uluru changes colour in different lights, particularly at  sunrise and  sunset.
 
 Kangaroo Island
 
 Limited development has ensured an abundance of wildlife on this island located close to the tip of South Australia's Fleurieu  Peninsula. Here,  sea lions,  penguins, dolphins, koalas and of course, kangaroos, live in a protected natural environment. Pure  air and  clean water provide one  of the last unspoiled  wonders of the world.
 
 Tasmanian Wilderness
 
 The Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage area is one of the largest conservation reserves in Australia, covering 1.38 million  hectares. This  stronghold  of temperate rainforest and alpine vegetation provides pristine habitats for plants and animals found  nowhere else in the world,  including many rare and  endangered species.
 
 Kakadu National Park
 
 In Australia's tropical Top End, the delicate pink beauty of the waterlily and the prehistoric brute strength of the crocodile merge in  stunning  Kakadu  National Park. Rivers with roaring waterfalls and a landscape of towering sandstone escarpments cradle some of  Kakadu's treasures  waiting to be  explored.
 
 Bungle Bungle
 
 The Bungle Bungle Range, in Purnululu National Park, is one of the most fascinating geological landmarks in Western Australia.  Orange and  black stripes  of silica and algae across the beehive-like mounds are clearly visible as you approach from the air. Closer  up, a hidden world of  gorges and pools is  revealed, with fan palms clinging precariously to walls and crevices in the rocks.